Who benefits from negotiating? Social class makes a difference
New research from MIT Sloan School of Management finds that individuals from lower social class backgrounds are less likely to negotiate and face greater backlash when they do.
Faculty
Jackson G. Lu is the General Motors Professor of Management and a Professor of Work and Organization Studies at the MIT Sloan School of Management. He serves as a senior editor for Organization Science and an associate editor for Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. He received his PhD from Columbia Business School in 2018 and tenure from MIT in 2023.
He focuses on three research streams: (1) the “Bamboo Ceiling” experienced by Asians; (2) how multicultural experiences (e.g., working abroad) shape key organizational outcomes, including leadership, creativity, and ethics; and (3) the multifaceted impact of AI on individuals, organizations, and society.
Jackson has published in top general science journals (Nature Human Behaviour, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences), management journals (Journal of Applied Psychology, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Organization Science), and psychology journals (Annual Review of Psychology, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Psychological Bulletin, Psychological Science). His research has been featured in over 300 media outlets (e.g., BBC, The Economist, The Financial Times, Harvard Business Review, NPR, The Boston Globe, The New York Times, The Washington Post).
He has received prestigious awards and honors, including 40 Best Business School Professors Under 40, 30 Thinkers to Watch, and over 60 research awards from the Academy of Management, the American Psychological Association, the Association for Psychological Science, the Behavioral Science & Policy Association, the International Association for Conflict Management, the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, and the Society of Experimental Social Psychology. He also received the Best Senior Editor Award from Management and Organization Review in 2022, 2023, and 2024.
Featured Publication
"'Asian' is a Problematic Category in Research and Practice: Insights from the Bamboo Ceiling."Lu, Jackson G. Current Directions in Psychological Science Vol. 33, No. 6 (2024): 400-406. Download Paper.
Featured Publication
"A Socioecological-Genetic Framework of Culture and Personality: Their Roots, Trends, and Interplay."Lu, Jackson G., Verónica Benet-Martínez, and Laura Changlan Wang. Annual Review of Psychology Vol. 74, (2023): 363-390. Download Paper.
Lu, Jackson G., Qian Li, Shuang Liang, Wanqin Mu, and Shiyang Gong. Personnel Psychology. Forthcoming.
Lu, Jackson G., Ying Lin, and Michele J. Gelfand. Harvard Business Review, August 3, 2026.
Lu, Jackson G., Shuhua Sun, Zhuyi Angelina Li, Maw-Der Foo, and Jing Zhou. Harvard Business Review, January 6, 2026.
Buchanan, Erin M., Kelly Cuccolo ... Jackson G. Lu et al. Nature Human Behaviour Vol. 10, (2026): 182-201.
New research from MIT Sloan School of Management finds that individuals from lower social class backgrounds are less likely to negotiate and face greater backlash when they do.
When presented with the same prompt in different languages, generative AI provides culturally distinct responses.
A recent study by professor Jackson G. Lu and co-authors found that people from lower social-class backgrounds are less likely to negotiate for workplace benefits, and they tend to face harsher social penalties when they decide to ask for more. This negotiation gap acts as a double bind that can compound economic disadvantages over a person's career. Remaining silent perpetuates financial struggles, but speaking up exposes lower-class workers to professional backlash.
New research by professor Jackson G. Lu and co-authors found that negotiation, or lack thereof, can affect a worker at every point of the talent cycle, from starting salary and benefits, to performance reviews and promotions. "Negotiation is often framed as a simple matter of confidence — if you want more, just ask. Our research shows that this advice may be misleading: Lower-class individuals are less likely to negotiate, and when they do negotiate, they can be penalized more harshly for the same behavior," said Lu.
Professor Jackson Lu and co-authors wrote: "By making negotiation rules visible, reducing reliance on self-advocacy, holding evaluators accountable, and pairing empowerment with protection, [senior leaders] can make negotiation a genuine vehicle for mobility rather than a gatekeeper of privilege."
A recent MIT FutureTech report on AI risk drew responses from 272 specialists, including professor Jackson Lu, research scientist Peter Slattery, and principal research scientist Neil Thompson. "These findings are a call to arms for those building and governing AI to make sure the worst outcomes do not occur," said Thompson.
The AI Adoption: Driving Business Value and Impact 6-week course from MIT Sloan equips you to move from AI awareness to AI transformation throughout your organization. You'll map AI technologies to your critical business challenges and opportunities, navigate adoption barriers, and build sustainable co-creation practices that amplify human capability rather than replace it.