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"Policies have changed on paper, yet attitudes inside banks have not caught up," said associate dean for innovation Fiona Murray. "Companies still face questions about whether they are ethical or ESG-compliant." Because banks must hold more capital against riskier loans, they often preferred to give credit to companies not involved in defence, Murray said.

Principal research scientist Neil Thompson said: "The trick for reporters over the coming years will be how to harness the positive productivity-improving aspects of AI while keeping the bedrock of trust intact."

The corporate alternative minimum tax (CAMT) was designed to be a floor so that large, profitable companies had to pay something. Many tax experts worry that it is too complicated and relies on accounting definitions of income that don't necessarily work well for tax law. "It's working like it's supposed to work," said professor Michelle Hanlon. "It's just a bad law."

Professor Catherine Wolfram said: "The coalition will be important as a vehicle for building trust, so that countries understand what each other's carbon policies are, but there's also technical work to be done. For example, we need to think about how to compare countries that have carbon pricing implemented for a carbon market and those that have a pricing policy implemented only with a tax or fee."

In his book "The Hype Machine," professor Sinan Aral argued that the combination of social media, smartphones, and machine intelligence is designed to exploit weaknesses in human psychology and behavior. From there, this "hype machine" silently affects the way we shop, date, read the news, exercise, and even do charity.

Experts say the transition to an A.I.-powered workplace is likely to be more gradual, in many cases occurring as new companies, built to exploit A.I., take market share from more established companies that are slower to embrace it. "Widespread adoption is going to happen at the new firms," said assistant professor Mert Demirer. "It's always the case that the smaller the production process, the more the process is easier to change."